Modern family in Japan
The concept of a modern family in Japan originated in the post-war period of rapid economic growth. A shift towards nuclear family units living separately began in the early stages of industrialization and became widely spread in the 1960s. Previously, multigenerational living arrangements with extended families living under one roof had been the norm. Pushed by urbanization and Japan’s welfare policies that favored a nuclear family model with a gendered division of labor, an ideal family consisted of a working father, a mother who took care of the household, and one to two children.In recent decades, however, Japan's changing demographics, with a declining birth rate, rapidly aging population, declining marriage rates, and the increasing proportion of women entering the workforce, have led to a transformation of household structures. The share of childless married couples has increased steadily and today is almost on par with the proportion of nuclear families with children, once the predominant type of household. Single-person households are on the rise, and there is a growing share of households with elderly members.
Families and elderly care provision
Demographic and social changes also influence the role of families in providing care and support for elderly family members. Confucian family values of filial piety, which once formed the basis for the family system (ie) in pre-war Japan, and the post-war welfare system placed the responsibility of caregiving for the elderly on women in the family. While the notion that families should care for the elderly still exists, fewer people agree with it today.As more women enter the workforce and dual-income households are on the rise, families’ capacities to care for the elderly have declined, and there will be a growing need for care arrangements outside the home in the future. Over the past decades, the share of people aged 65 and older who live in a three-generation household has significantly declined. Nowadays, two-thirds of elderly households either live alone or with their spouse.
